The joints of a rigid frame are fixed, whereas those of a flexible frame are moveable, as shown in Figure 1.3b. Frames can also be classified as rigid or flexible. The lateral movement of the sway frames are accounted for in their analysis. A sway frame allows a lateral or sideward movement, while a non-sway frame does not allow movement in the horizontal direction. Frames are classified as sway or non-sway.
The vertical members are called columns, and the horizontal members are called beams. Tension structures are similar to columns, with the exception that they are subjected to axial tension.įrames are structures composed of vertical and horizontal members, as shown in Figure 1.3a. A built-up column is composed of two or more standard sections, as shown in Figure 1.2b. In some engineering applications, where a single-member strength may not be adequate to sustain a given load, built-up columns are used. Columns can be circular, square, or rectangular in their cross sections, and they can also be of standard sections. They are also referred to as struts or stanchions. Beams are always loaded in the longitudinal direction.Ĭolumns are vertical structural members that are subjected to axial compression, as shown in figure 1.2a. The cross section of a beam can be rectangular, circular, or triangular, or it can be of what are referred to as standard sections, such as channels, tees, angles, and I-sections. For example, the length of the beam, as shown in Figure 1.1, is significantly greater than its breadth and depth. The features of these forms will be briefly discussed in this section.īeams are structural members whose longitudinal dimensions are appreciably greater than their lateral dimensions. Structural members can be classified as beams, columns and tension structures, frames, and trusses. Members or components that make up a structure can have different forms or shapes depending on their functional requirements. There are several types of civil engineering structures, including buildings, bridges, towers, arches, and cables.
#Principles of marketing engineering and analytics code
This is necessary to ensure that the structural members satisfy the safety and the serviceability requirements of the local building code and specifications of the area where the structure is located.ġ.2 Types of Structures and Structural Members Structural analysis establishes the relationship between a structural member’s expected external load and the structure’s corresponding developed internal stresses and displacements that occur within the member when in service. During the preliminary structural design stage, a structure’s potential external load is estimated, and the size of the structure’s interconnected members are determined based on the estimated loads. Structural analysis is the prediction of the response of structures to specified arbitrary external loads.
In addition, the edition now incorporates some basic financial concepts (ROI, Breakeven Analysis, and Opportunity Cost) and other tools essential to the new domain of marketing analytics. The latest edition includes up-to-date examples and references as well as a new chapter on the digital online revolution in marketing and its implications for online advertising. We offer an accessible overview of the most widely used marketing engineering concepts and tools and show how they drive the collection of the right data and information to perform the right analyses to make better marketing plans, better product designs, and better marketing decisions. While many view traditional marketing as art and some view it as science, the new marketing increasingly looks like engineering (that is, combining art and science to solve specific problems).
Increasingly, marketing decision making resembles design engineering-putting together concepts, data, analyses, and simulations to learn about the marketplace and to design effective marketing plans. The 21st century business environment demands more analysis and rigor in marketing decision making. We have designed this book primarily for the business school student or marketing manager, who, with minimal background and technical training, must understand and employ the basic tools and models associated with Marketing Engineering.
0 kommentar(er)
